1801
English Chemist Charles Hatchett -
Discovers Element in Connecticut and Names it COLUMBIUM
Charles Hatchett
Portrait, Soft-ground etching
By: F. C. Lewis
41 of the 118 chemical elements have names associated with, or specifically named for, places around the world they were discovered, or among astronomical objects. 32 of these named after places on Earth and the other 9 have names connected to bodies in the Solar System. Charles Hatchett discovered Columbium in Columbia (Now Connecticut).
Niobium and columbium are synonymous names for the chemical element with atomic number 41; Columbium was the name given in 1801, and Niobium (Nb) was the name officially designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 1950 (why?).
It's gets a bit complicated but ...
See also 1805, Recorded as Columbium in Industry Journal.
See also 1809, English Chemist William Hyde Wollaston Incorrectly Concluded that Tantalum and Columbium Were Identical
See also 1846, Rediscovery of Columbium as Separate Element From Tantalum But Now Named Niobium
See also 1888, Proposed Name Change Failed.
See also 1949, Changed Name Officially From Columbium to Niobium.
1802
Massachusetts Historical Society Prints Front-Page Letter to the President of the United States Describing How “Our country has NO [official] name"
Columbian Repository
Massachusetts Historical Society Prints Front-Page Letter (in the “Columbian Repository” newspaper no less) to the President of the United States - Describing How “Our country has NO name” and going through the terms and proposing the name known/used 'Columbia(ns)'
"There is a remedy, which might be applied, without either pains or expence. If the whole district of the United States might be named Columbia; and its inhabitants might be called Columbians; it would nominally distinguish the country and the nation from the rest of America; and, at the same time, a becoming trobiute of homage would be paid to the memory of the discoverer of the New World"...
1804
"Peace with all nations, Partiality to none". Columbia Engraving by Samuel Harris
Title: Emblem of the United States of America
Artist: Samuel Harris
Published: John Coles
Engraving, 11.75" high x 8.875" wide
Described: Columbia is shown seated bearing an American flag, laurel branch, while the Great Seal of the United States is shown on the shield beside her. Ships on the horizon present American commerce and various symbols in the foreground representing her arts and education. A ring of seventeen chain links, each filled by a star, symbolizes the strength of the expanding Union (Ohio had become the seventeenth state in 1803). The subtitle reads, “Peace with all nations, Partiality to none,” referring to the United States’ long effort to remain neutral between France and Great Britain.
1805
A Journal of Natural Philosophy Chemistry and the Arts - Describing the Discovery and Subsequent Naming of COLUMBIUM
The cover of Journal of Natural Philosophy Chemistry and the Arts, and relevant pages 32, 33 & 34 (Pages 47, 48 & 49 of PDF) discussing the discovery and official recording of Charles Hatchett's newly found element Columbium.
See also 1801, Charles Hatchett's Discovery of Columbium
1812
Columbia Teaching John Bull a Lesson
Title: Columbia Teaching John Bull a Lesson
Artist: Charles, William (1776-1820)
Medium: Print on wove paper, etching with watercolor, sheet 24.8 x 34.9 cm
A War of 1812 satire on Anglo-American and Franco-American relations. England's "lesson" is about the seriousness of American determination to maintain freedom on the high seas, while France is warned of Yankee firmness on matters of "Retribution" and "Respect."
Columbia, as a maiden with staff and liberty cap, a shield with stars and stripes, and an eagle, gestures toward John Bull, saying, "I tell you Johnny, you must learn to read Respect --Free trade -- Seamans rights &c -- As for you Mounseer Beau Napperty, when John gets his lesson by heart I'll teach you Respect -- Retribution &c. &c."
Bonaparte, standing on a hillock in the center: "Ha-ha -- Begar me be glad to see Madam Columbia angry with dat dere Bull -- But me no learn respect -- me no learn retribution -- Me be de grand Emperor."
John Bull, in knee breeches, standing at right: "I don't like that lesson -- I'll read this pretty lesson." He points to the pages of a book that reads, "Power constitutes Right."
Close up Columbia
1812
Columbia Engraved on Silver Sabers for the
Land and Naval Battle Against the British.
Artist: Unknown Philadelphia Sword Smith
Described: "Same decorated blade motifs & hand chased repousse silver mounts, no two the same but having the same theme... The hilt, grip &scabbard revealed a heavy influence of sophistication” the oversized hilt has bird’s head pommel, checkered ivory grip, languet w/ spread wing eagle, engraved quillon & ferrule. Scabbard ismounted w/ 3 oversized sheet silver mounts w/ unique high relief repousse patriotic design, fullstanding Lady Liberty holding liberty cap on pole w/ panoply of flags in the background havingan eagle flying above w/ wreath in its beak; stunning high relief panoply of arms w/ large spreadwing eagle on cross cannons & the forward flag showing 8 pointed stars. The bottom mount is florally engraved w/ three dimensional snake utilized as blade of drag..".
For more information, please review pages 51 & 52
https://www.amazon.com/American-Silver-Hilted-Revolutionary-Federal-Swords/dp/1503530493
Close up of case. Shows enlaid "Lady Liberty"
(aka Columbia)
1813
"The Columbian Naval Songster", a Collection of Songs and Odes...
For more information, visit Google Archives
https://archive.org/details/columbiannavalm00anthgoog/page/n8/mode/2up
By: Henry B. Anthony
Published by: Hans Lund
c1813
Song titles include:
Columbia Victorious (to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven”)
Decatur’s Victory (to the tune of “To Anacreon in Heaven”)
Our Navy,
Lyrics excerpt:
“Let brave Columbia’s noble band with united rise, swear to protect their native land, till sacred freedom dies.”“Then shall Columbia’s fame be spread, her heaven-born Eagle soar, her deeds of glory shall be read, when tyrants are no more.”
1819
"Columbia, Land of Liberty", A Favorite Patriotic Song
Written by: J.N. Barker
Composed by: John Bray
Published by: G. Graupner & Co. Franklin S.
c1819
1840
Apotheosis of George Washington, original by Samuel Moore, shown Lithograph by Heinrich Weishaupt, 1840c
Painted by: Samuel Moore
Lithograph by: H. Weishaupt, c1840
Lithograph with original hand coloring. Circa 1830-1850. Measures 25 1/4" x 18 1/2". Lined with expert repairs to lower left corner
Lithograph based on an original painting by Samuel Moore shows George Washington ascending into heaven. He is surrounded by angels and shining a light on Columbia. Columbia is the understood as the personification of the United States, located to the right before the throne. The monument to Washington is surrounded by women in mourning, representing the states.
Text in bottom section (script) includes, "... A more peculiar ray of his Glory brightens the widowed Columbia, who looks up to him as the rock of her consolation taking an eternal farewell of his mortal essence, but whose glory beams on her forever..."
1843
"Columbia, The Land Of The Brave" Once a Potential National Anthem,
Written by David Shaw.
Written and Composed by: David T. Shaw
Sung by: W. G. Plumer & D. T. Shaw
Arranged by: T. A. Beckett Es
1846
German Chemist Heinrich Rose Determined that Tantalum Ores Contain a Second Element, (Rediscovers Columbium) Which He Named Niobium.
Heinrich Rose (6 August 1795 – 27 January 1864) was a German mineralogist and analytical chemist.
In 1809, English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm3, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density over 8 g/cm3, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he insisted to keep the name tantalum.
This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by German chemist Heinrich Rose (Shown Here), who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe) and pelopium (from Pelops). This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium, and dianium were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.
After Heinrich's rediscovery of Columbium, in 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names start become used interchangeably
See also 1801, Charles Hatchett's Discovery of Columbium
See also 1949, Changed Name to Niobium.
1861
Arms of the United States of America
Original Artist: Joseph E. Baker
Lithograph: J.H. Bufford's Lith., publisher 1864
Print on wove paper : color lithograph ; sheet 56 x 47.6 cm, on mount 56.8 x 48.4 cm.
Print shows an elaborate martial allegory of the United States. Liberty or Columbia, wearing a Phrygian cap and armed with sword, shield, and American flag, is enthroned in the clouds. The words "E Pluribus Unum" and an arc of thirteen stars appear above her. Below, an eagle perches atop a shield with the stars and strips. In his talons he holds arrows and an olive branch. At left stands an American Indian, with a bow in his hand. At right is a sailor with an anchor and four flags. Around the base of the shield are muskets, tomahawks, cannon, cannonballs, and a sword. Below, almost hidden in darkness, is a Union encampment (left) in sight of the U.S. Capitol and the Potomac River (right).
1861
Hail Columbia Song Book Cover
Artist: Unknown
Published: WM Dressler, 1861
"Hail, Columbia" is an American patriotic song and ceremonial entrance march. composed by Philip Phile in 1789 for the first inauguration of George Washington and titled "The President's March". It became the song "Hail, Columbia" when arranged with lyrics by Joseph Hopkinson in 1798. This version has lyrics for Duet and Piano. It was originally considered to be one of the unofficial national anthems of the United States until 1931, when "The Star-Spangled Banner" was named as the official national anthem.
1861
National Hymn Song Book Cover
Lyrics By: G. W. Cutter
Arranged By: W. C. Peters
Published By: A. C. Peters & Bro. No 9
"Our Banner of Glory!
Our banner of glory is waving on high
Its stars are as those of the even
And its stripes like the mingling hues of the sky
When the morning is blushing in heaven
National Hymn"
1861
"Presidents of the United States" Surrounding Columbia
Lithographer: Feusier
Published: Francis Bouclet, 1861
Print on wove paper: color lithograph; 62 x 47.6 cm
A large, patriotic print probably issued around the time of Abraham Lincoln's inauguration. Columbia stands before the U.S. Capitol, holding a shield and a staff with a liberty cap. On her brow she wears a laurel wreath with a single star. Beside her is an eagle, holding a streamer with the motto "E Pluribus Unum." A steamship is visible in the background left. The central scene is framed by oval portraits of the first sixteen presidents of the United States, with George Washington at the top and a beardless Abraham Lincoln at the bottom.
1862
Columbia, Our Country Forever
Composer: George Hewitt
Lyricist: M.L. Hofford
Published: Lee & Walker, Philadelphia, 1862
Columbia! Our country forever! The home of the true and brave, More proudly in beauty than ever Thy Star-Spangled Banner shall wave Inscribed on the page of story, The record of ages shall be Thy Banner is covered with glory, When borne by the sons of the free Thy Banner is covered with glory, When borne by the sons of the free When borne by the sons of the free When borne by the sons of the free Thy Banner is covered with glory When borne by the sons of the free.
Chorus 1: Columbia! Our country forever! Thy freeman are honored and brave, Thy progress is onward, and ever In triumph o’er tyranny’s grave. As long as we live we will cherish The blessings of freedom and thee, Or guarding our liberty, perish Defending the homes of the Free!
Chorus 2: Columbia! Our country forever! Thy star spangled banner shall wave The pride of thy sons who will never Surrender the land of the brave. With generous and noble devotion, We’ll rally for Freedom and Thee snd united from Ocean to Ocean, Sustain the loved Flag of the Free.
1863
Columbia Confronts President Lincoln
Harper's Weekly, January 3, 1863
The carnage of the Union defeat at Fredericksburg in December 1862 led Columbia to confront Lincoln with, “Where are my 15,000 sons—murdered at Fredericksburg?”
Lincoln, Sec. of War Edwin Stanton, and Gen. Joseph Hooker cower before her.
Lincoln’s answer is damning—“This reminds me of a little joke—.”
Columbia then Says, "Go tell your joke to Springfield !!".
The Harper’s Weekly cartoon reflected popular outrage and anger at the defeat.
1863
Advertisement - 'Extensive manufactory of regulation and presentation Swords, and Military, Masonic, Odd Fellows' and Sons of Temperance Goods Regalia Jewels.
Advertisement announcing the acquisition of equipment, and rights to produce, an artisan's sword collection in New York, being purchased by 'Emerson & Silver' in Trenton New Jersey. Discussed details of inventory, and custom made Swords, amongst other crafted items.
Most importantly, advertisement utilizes illustration of 'Lady Columbia to align with patriotism of product(s) sold.
1863
United States Legal Tender of 5, 10 and 20 Dollar Increments. All Display Miss Columbia in Design.
United States legal tender (paper currency) circa 1863 shows the 5 Dollar, 10 Dollar and 20 Dollar bills all utilized Miss Columbia in their designs.
1863
Post Card, Front Displaying Columbia, Titled
'The Goddess of Liberty'.
Artwork shows a woman representing 'Goddess Liberty' with many of the same characteristics of Miss Columbia, holding the U.S.flag.
Title: The Goddess of Liberty
Artist: Unknown
1864c
"Goddess of Liberty" (Columbia) Wood Carving, erected atop the Mary Powell, a side-wheel steamboat.
Images and description credit to Hudson River Maritime Museum Blog staff, volunteers and guest contributors and the Smithsonian.
Advert 1863c
Title: Goddess of Liberty
Medium: Hand Carved Wood Statue
"Goddess of Liberty" figurehead from the pilot house of the "Mary Powell,". During the summer months the mary Powell, aka the "Queen of the Hudson" transported passengers daily. The figure of Columbia, our first "Lady Liberty", was preserved when the steamer was retired from service in 1923 and now housed at the Smithsonian Museum of American History as part of their folk art collection.
1865
"Outbreak of the Rebellion in the United States, 1861"
Artist: Christopher Kimmel
Lithographer: Kimmel & Forster
A grand allegory of the Civil War in America, harshly critical of the Buchanan administration, Jefferson Davis, and the Confederacy. In the center stands Liberty (Columbia), wearing a Phrygian cap and a laurel wreath. She is flanked by the figures of Justice (unblind folded, holding a sword and scales) and Abraham Lincoln. Principal figures (from left to right) are: Confederate president Jefferson Davis (beneath a palm tree about whose trunk winds a poisonous snake), James Buchanan (asleep), his secretary of war John B. Floyd, who was accused of misappropriation of government funds (raking coins into a bag), Justice, Columbia, Lincoln, Gen. Winfield Scott (in military uniform), and various figures exemplifying the generosity and suffering of the Northern citizenry. The left foreground is filled with Confederate soldiers, some of them engaged in tearing the Union flag from the hands of other soldiers. In the background are scenes of war. In contrast, on the right, the sun rises over mountains in the distance beyond a prosperous countryside.
1885
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Discussed Naming the Country.
Dr. George H. Moore, of New York, being called upon by the President, presented and read the following communication...
Page 159-161; "...The earliest recognition in this part of the New World of the name of the discoverer as appropriate for the lands which he had discovered was by a famous man of New England,—Chief Justice Sewall (Samuel Sewall). In his "Phaenomena Quaedam Apolcalyptica", first published in 1697, and again in a second edition, 1727, he calls the country Columbina. At a later period he intimated the opinion, doubtless formed many years before, that "where (Tebel) World is mentioned in the Psalms, it is to be understood of the New World, Columbina* The scarce of Sewall's inspiration on this subject is plain enough from his record. ..."
"1 Dec.2,1726: Diary, Vol. iii. p.887.
Compare Jan. 1, 1710, in Vol.ii. p. 211.
Samuel Sewall, also known as the Judge in the Salem which Trials, wrote a collection of writings in 1697 titled; "Phaenomena Quaedam Apolcalyptica".
"... And it seemeth convenient, that that which hath been said and written, and printed over and over again, to the Injury and Prejudice of Columbina: should one time or other be Unsaid; that so the Scandal may be removed..." See 1697
1888
Book by Frank W Traphagen, Showing Early Documentation for the Defense of Keeping Columbium as Proper Name of Discovered Element
Book Cover of Literature Recording Documentation of Columbium the Element.
1891
USS Columbia (C-12/CA-16) is Built for the United States Navy
The fourth USS Columbia (C-12/CA-16) was a protected cruiser in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War and World War I.
During the Spanish–American War, Columbia was used as a troop transport and as a scout. Columbia was built with four funnels. This may have been to help it resemble passenger cruise liners.
Columbia was launched 26 July 1892 by William Cramp & Sons, Ship & Engine Building Company, Philadelphia; sponsored and christened by Miss Edith H. Morton, daughter of Vice President Levi P. Morton; and commissioned 23 April 1894, Captain George Watson Sumner in command.
Colorized picture of USS Columbia (C-12), c. 1890s,
Photo Credit: Detroit Photographic Company
USS Columbia in Guantanamo Bay.
1898
Song Book Titled, "Columbia Make Cuba Free".
Music Arrangements: M. C. Thayer
Published: Frank Van Cauwenburgh
(Rockford Illinois)
